ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: We compared the potential of routine techniques used for the identification of Staphylococcus species, aiming to evaluate their accuracy in the detection of 43 Staphylococcus chromogenes strains isolated from bovine mastitis that, despite being a coagulase-negative species, are able to clot plasma. These strains could be mistakenly suspected to be S. aureus and lead to an unappropriated treatment of the disease. MALDI-TOF, PCR-RFLP of the chaperonine gene groEL, and sequencing of the 16S rRNA and elongation factor Tu gene tuf were employed. Results from the four methods were coincident for only half of the strains because of the low accuracy of the groEL PCR-RFLP (51.2% accuracy). Even though all the sequencing results were identical, the high accuracy of the MALDI-TOF results (97.7% accuracy, with only one strain misidentified) encourage the use of this technique, since it does not require laborious sample preparation, being fast and simple to perform.
RESUMO: Nós comparamos o potencial de técnicas rotineiras utilizadas para a identificação de espécies de Staphylococcus, com o objetivo de avaliar a acurácia delas na detecção de 43 isolados de Staphylococcus chromogenes envolvidos com mastite bovina que, apesar de ser uma espécie coagulase-negativa, são capazes de coagular o plasma. Essas cepas poderiam ser erroneamente suspeitas de serem S. aureus e levarem a um tratamento não adequado da doença. MALDI-TOF, PCR-RFLP do gene da chaperonina groEL e sequenciamento do gene do rRNA 16S e do gene do fator de elongação Tu, tuf, foram avaliados. Os resultados dos quatro métodos foram coincidentes para apenas metade das cepas, devido à baixa precisão da PCR-RFLP com groEL (51,2% de acurácia). Apesar de todos os resultados do sequenciamento serem idênticos, a alta precisão dos resultados do MALDI-TOF (97,7% de acurácia, com apenas uma cepa identificada incorretamente) encoraja o uso dessa técnica, pois, não requer preparação laboriosa de amostras, sendo rápida e simples de executar.
ABSTRACT
In order to characterize the expression of genes associated with immune response mechanisms to mastitis, we quantified the relative expression of the IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α genes in milk cells of healthy cows and cows with clinical mastitis. Total RNA was extracted from milk cells of six Black and White Holstein (BW) cows and six Gyr cows, including three animals with and three without mastitis per breed. Gene expression was analyzed by real-time PCR. IL-10 gene expression was higher in the group of BW and Gyr cows with mastitis compared to animals free of infection from both breeds (p < 0.05). It was also higher in BW Holstein animals with clinical mastitis (p < 0.001), but it was not significant when Gyr cows with and without mastitis were compared (0.05 < p < 0.10). Among healthy cows, BW Holstein animals tended to present a higher expression of all genes studied, with a significant difference for the IL-2 and IFN-γ genes (p < 0.001). For animals with mastitis no significant difference in gene expression was observed between the two breeds. These findings suggest that animals with mastitis develop a preferentially cell-mediated immune response. Further studies including larger samples are necessary to better characterize the gene expression profile in cows with mastitis.
ABSTRACT
Com os objetivos de quantificar, isolar e caracterizar bactérias psicrotróficas contaminantes de leite cru refrigerado, produzido na região da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais e Sudeste do Rio de Janeiro, foram analisadas amostras de leite coletadas de 20 tanques coletivos e 23 tanques individuais. As contagens de bactérias psicrotróficas nas amostras de leite para os dois tipos de tanques de refrigeração variaram entre 10² e 10(7) Unidades Formadoras de Colônias (UFC) ml-1, porém, um maior número de tanques coletivos apresentou contagens acima de 1 x 10(5) UFC ml-1. Foi verificada a predominância de bactérias psicrotróficas gram-negativas (81,2 por cento), que foram identificadas pelos sistemas API 20E e API 20NE nos gêneros: Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter, Burkholderia,Chryseomonas, Enterobacter, Ewingella, Klebsiella, Hafnia, Methylobacterium, Moraxella, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Sphingomonas e Yersinia. As bactérias gram-positivas (18,8 por cento) foram identificadas com API 50 CH, API Coryne e API Staph, nos gêneros: Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Cellum/Microbacterium, Kurthia e Staphylococcus. Os sistemas API utilizados não identificaram todos os isolados bacterianos. Pseudomonas foi o gênero mais isolado e P. fluorescens foi a espécie predominante. A maioria dos isolados bacterianos apresentou atividade proteolítica e/ou lipolítica a temperaturas de refrigeração de 4ºC, 7ºC e 10ºC, evidenciando seu alto potencial de deterioração do leite e dos produtos lácteos. Os resultados ressaltam que maior atenção deve ser dada aos procedimentos que impeçam a contaminação do leite por esses microrganismos.
This study aimed to quantify, isolate and characterize psychrotrophic bacteria from refrigerated raw milk produced at the 'Mata' Region of Minas Gerais State and Southeast of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Raw milk samples, were collected at the farms, from 20 collective refrigerated tanks and 23 individual refrigerated tanks. The psychrotrophic bacteria counting ranged from 10² to 10(7) Colony Forming Units (CFU) ml-1 for both types of refrigerated tanks, but most of the collective tanks showed counts higher than 1 x 10(5) CFU ml-1. Predominance of psychrotrophic gram-negative bacteria (81.2 percent), that were identified by API 20E and API 20NE as belonging to genera: Aeromonas, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter, Burkholderia, Chryseomonas, Enterobacter, Ewingella, Klebsiella, Hafnia, Methylobacterium, Moraxella, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Sphingomonas e Yersinia were oserved. The gram-positive bacteria (18.8 percent), were identified by API 50 CH, API Coryne and API Staph, to genera: Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Cellum/Microbacterium, Kurthia e Staphylococcus. The API systems utilized could not identify all the bacterial isolates. Pseudomonas was the genus most isolated with P. fluorescens as the predominant species. Most of the isolates presented proteolytic and/or lipolytic activity at 4ºC, 7ºC and 10ºC showing high potential for milk and milk products spoilage. The results indicated that more attention must be taken to the procedures necessaries to reduce milk contamination with psychrotrophic bacteria.